Palladium energy level diagram

Energy levels and transitions of neutral palladium (Pd I): the 46 strongest classified lines below 2 µm from the NIST Atomic Spectra Database and the 25 levels they connect, each line with its vacuum wavelength, frequency and, for 46 of them, the reduced dipole matrix element derived from the NIST transition rate. Measured lifetimes, transition rates, hyperfine constants and isotope shifts from the literature are included, each with its citation.

Hover a line or a level to isolate it, click to keep it selected. Scroll to zoom, drag to move.

Download: diagram (PDF) diagram (SVG) transitions (CSV) levels (CSV) source code

Key transitions of palladium

λ, ν from NIST level energies unless a measured frequency for this isotope is available. A: measured value or NIST. Γ/2π: natural linewidth of the upper level, 1/(2πτ).

¹⁰⁵Pd hyperfine structure (I = 5/2)

Measured A, B constants; sources in the data file.

Isotope shifts

Shift = ν(first isotope) − ν(second isotope).

Closed and nearly closed transitions of palladium

A transition is closed when its upper level can decay only to the level it was excited from, so the atom keeps scattering photons. “closed”: among the levels NIST lists, no other level below the upper level has the opposite parity and |ΔJ| ≤ 1, so no other electric-dipole decay exists. Otherwise the leak is the sum of the branching ratios of the other decay lines of the upper level (or 1 − branching ratio where that of the line itself has been measured), and the number of photons is 1 / leak. “≥” and “≤”: at least one possible decay path has no listed rate, so the leak is a lower limit. These numbers are derived from the branching ratios, lifetimes and rates of this page, not measured as such; the tag names the weakest of the inputs, * marks theory and ≈ a model or semi-empirical calculation. Listed: lines that start on the ground level or on a metastable level and leak at most 10 %, unless more than three possible decay paths have no listed rate. Fine-structure levels only: hyperfine and Zeeman dark states and forbidden decays without a listed rate are not considered. Select a line in the diagram for the full list of its leak channels.

Listed Pd transitions below 2 µm

Reduced dipole matrix elements follow the convention A = ω³|d|²/(3πε₀ħc³(2J′+1)), with J′ the upper level. Tags show where a number comes from: measured, NIST compilation, high-accuracy theory, a semi-empirical calculation (Kurucz line list, used only where no measurement or NIST value exists; typically within a factor 2), or a model calculation.

Pd energy levels

Pd⁺ ionisation limit 67241.14 cm⁻¹ = 8.33684 eV (148.718 nm)

Sources

• Biémont, Grevesse, Kwiatkowski, Zimmermann, Astron. Astrophys. 108, 127 (1982), Table 2 (…
• Channappa, Pendlebury, Proc. Phys. Soc. 86, 1145 (1965) (atomic-beam magnetic resonance),…
• Channappa, Pendlebury, Proc. Phys. Soc. 86, 1145 (1965) (atomic-beam magnetic resonance),…
• Geldhof, Campbell, Cheal, de Groote, Gins, Moore, Hyperfine Interact. 241, 41 (2020), Tab…
• Geldhof, Campbell, Cheal, de Groote, Gins, Moore, Hyperfine Interact. 241, 41 (2020), Tab…
• Kurucz, R. L., Can. J. Phys. 89, 417 (2011); semi-empirical line list gf4600.pos of 2017-…
• NIST ASD
• NIST ASD level energies
• Sulai, Mueller, Phys. Rev. A 102, 042805 (2020) "Laser spectroscopy of metastable palladi…
• Sulai, Mueller, Phys. Rev. A 102, 042805 (2020) "Laser spectroscopy of metastable palladi…
• Xu, Sun, Dai, Jiang, Palmeri, Quinet, Biémont, Astron. Astrophys. 452, 357 (2006), Table …
• Xu, Sun, Dai, Jiang, Palmeri, Quinet, Biémont, Astron. Astrophys. 452, 357 (2006), Table 2
• Xu, Sun, Dai, Jiang, Palmeri, Quinet, Biémont, Astron. Astrophys. 452, 357 (2006), Table …

Isotope shifts are nu(first) - nu(second). Sulai & Mueller tabulate nu(A) - nu(106); Geldhof et al. tabulate delta nu(108,A) = nu(A) - nu(108); both kept as printed, so keys use 106 or 108 as the second isotope. For the Geldhof values "unc" is the statistical and "unc_syst" the systematic (acceleration/cooler voltage) uncertainty; the 105Pd values refer to the hyperfine centre of gravity. Level lifetimes: Xu et al. 2006 (time-resolved LIF, six levels) where available, otherwise Biémont et al. 1982 (time-resolved LIF on an atomic beam); other measurements and HFR theory under lifetime.alternatives. A_s for the 20 lines of Xu et al. Table 2 are experimental (A = BF/tau) and were converted from the printed g_k A_ki by dividing by 2J_upper+1; the 17 lines from their Table 3 are HFR theory (method "theory") and should only be used where nothing measured exists. NIST A values exist for only 8 Pd I lines (5 from Biémont et al. 1982, 3 from Morton 2000). Extra fields beyond SCHEMA.md: ionization_limit, lifetime.alternatives, hyperfine.<A>.alternatives, isotope_shift_other, linewidth_MHz, unc_syst, note. Hyperfine constants follow E = A K/2 + B [3K(K+1)/4 - I(I+1)J(J+1)] / [2I(2I-1)J(2J-1)]; 105Pd has I = 5/2 and negative magnetic moment (inverted structure for most levels). LS names in parentheses in the labels are those used by the cited papers (3D3, 3P2, 3F4, ...); NIST uses J1K notation.

Atoms with measured data

• Lithium-632 levels, 85 lines
• Lithium-732 levels, 85 lines
• Beryllium-917 levels, 26 lines
• Sodium-2336 levels, 106 lines
• Magnesium-2418 levels, 61 lines
• Magnesium-2518 levels, 61 lines
• Potassium-3934 levels, 84 lines
• Potassium-4034 levels, 84 lines
• Potassium-4134 levels, 84 lines
• Calcium-4035 levels, 61 lines
• Calcium-4335 levels, 61 lines
• Chromium-5256 levels, 87 lines
• Chromium-5356 levels, 87 lines
• Rubidium-8536 levels, 94 lines
• Rubidium-8736 levels, 94 lines
• Strontium-8440 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8640 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8740 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8840 levels, 70 lines
• Cadmium-11115 levels, 21 lines
• Cadmium-11315 levels, 21 lines
• Cadmium-11415 levels, 21 lines
• Caesium-13331 levels, 79 lines
• Barium-13744 levels, 89 lines
• Barium-13844 levels, 89 lines
• Dysprosium-16139 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16239 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16339 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16439 levels, 55 lines
• Erbium-16673 levels, 90 lines
• Erbium-16773 levels, 90 lines
• Erbium-16873 levels, 90 lines
• Thulium-16972 levels, 73 lines
• Ytterbium-17118 levels, 26 lines
• Ytterbium-17318 levels, 26 lines
• Ytterbium-17418 levels, 26 lines
• Mercury-19927 levels, 47 lines
• Mercury-20127 levels, 47 lines
• Mercury-20227 levels, 47 lines

All elements: periodic table