Lanthanum energy level diagram

Energy levels and transitions of neutral lanthanum (La I): the 90 strongest classified lines below 2 µm from the NIST Atomic Spectra Database and the 72 levels they connect, each line with its vacuum wavelength, frequency and, for 89 of them, the reduced dipole matrix element derived from the NIST transition rate. Measured lifetimes, transition rates, hyperfine constants and isotope shifts from the literature are included, each with its citation.

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Download: diagram (PDF) diagram (SVG) transitions (CSV) levels (CSV) source code

Key transitions of lanthanum

λ, ν from NIST level energies unless a measured frequency for this isotope is available. A: measured value or NIST. Γ/2π: natural linewidth of the upper level, 1/(2πτ).

¹³⁹La hyperfine structure (I = 7/2)

Measured A, B constants; sources in the data file.

Listed La transitions below 2 µm

Reduced dipole matrix elements follow the convention A = ω³|d|²/(3πε₀ħc³(2J′+1)), with J′ the upper level. Tags show where a number comes from: measured, NIST compilation, high-accuracy theory, or a model calculation.

La energy levels

La⁺ ionisation limit 44981.00 cm⁻¹ = 5.57693 eV (222.316 nm)

Sources

• Başar et al. (2007) [2007PhyS...75..572B] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the tab…
• Başar et al. (2009) [2009OptCo.282..562B] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the tab…
• Caiyan et al. (1990) [1990JPhD...23.1327C] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the ta…
• Childs & Goodman (1971) [1971PhRvA...3...25C] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the…
• Childs & Goodman (1978) [1971PhRvA...3...25C] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the…
• Childs & Nielsen (1988) [1988PhRvA..37....6C] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the…
• Den Hartog, Palmer, Lawler, J. Phys. B 48, 155001 (2015), Table 1. Note: time-resolved la…
• Den Hartog, Palmer, Lawler, J. Phys. B 48, 155001 (2015), as tabulated in Filin & Savukov…
• Furmann et al. (2007) [2007PhyS...76..264F] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the t…
• Güzelçimen et al. (2012) [2012JPhB...45m5005G] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in th…
• Güzelçimen, Windholz, Başar, Kröger, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 258, 28 (2022)
• Güzelçimen, Windholz, Başar, Kröger, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 258, 28 (2022), Table 2
• Güzelçimen, Windholz, Başar, Kröger, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 258, 28 (2022), Table 3; G…
• Güzelçimen, Windholz, Başar, Kröger, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 258, 28 (2022), Table 4 (m…
• Kajoch et al. (1996) [1996AcPPA..89..517K] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the ta…
• NIST ASD
• Nighat et al. (2010) [2010JPhB...43l5001N] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the ta…
• Siddiqui et al. (2013) [2013JPhB...46f5002S] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the …
• Ting (1957) [1957PhRv..108..295T] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the table notes…
• Windholz & Binder (2020a) [2020Atoms...8...88W] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in t…
• Windholz & Gamper (2020) [2020JQSRT.25607340W] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in th…
• Windholz et al. (2014) [2014SAR.....2...10W] (ADS bibcode in brackets, as printed in the …

All hyperfine constants are for 139La (I=7/2). They are copied from the machine-readable Tables 3 and 4 of Güzelçimen et al. 2022 (downloaded as text), which collect earlier measurements; each entry names the original reference given there and is marked "compilation" unless the constant was determined in the 2022 paper itself. In Table 3 (even levels) the error columns are printed in units of the last digit and were converted; in Table 4 (odd levels) they are in MHz. measured_energy_cm are the 2022 revised centre-of-gravity energies (global fit of Fourier-transform lines, hyperfine structure taken into account). Lifetimes: Den Hartog, Palmer, Lawler 2015, Table 1, read through an automated reader of the publisher page (two requests, 69 levels entered of the 72 reported); the 14 J=3/2 values were cross-checked against the independently parsed PDF table of Filin & Savukov 2020 and all agree. The paper quotes +-5 % for every lifetime. The names attached to earlier lifetimes in "alternatives" are those returned by the reader for the first half of the table; for levels above 24000 cm-1 the reference labels were not resolved. Transition frequencies are c times the centre-of-gravity vacuum wavenumbers of Table 2 of Güzelçimen et al. 2022 (natural La, i.e. 139La). A_s entries are the Den Hartog 2015 values (numerically the same as the NIST A values for 66 of 67 common lines), here with their uncertainties, taken second-hand from Filin & Savukov 2020 (J=3/2 upper levels only).

Atoms with measured data

• Lithium-632 levels, 85 lines
• Lithium-732 levels, 85 lines
• Beryllium-917 levels, 26 lines
• Sodium-2336 levels, 106 lines
• Magnesium-2418 levels, 61 lines
• Magnesium-2518 levels, 61 lines
• Potassium-3934 levels, 84 lines
• Potassium-4034 levels, 84 lines
• Potassium-4134 levels, 84 lines
• Calcium-4035 levels, 61 lines
• Calcium-4335 levels, 61 lines
• Chromium-5256 levels, 87 lines
• Chromium-5356 levels, 87 lines
• Rubidium-8536 levels, 94 lines
• Rubidium-8736 levels, 94 lines
• Strontium-8440 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8640 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8740 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8840 levels, 70 lines
• Cadmium-11115 levels, 21 lines
• Cadmium-11315 levels, 21 lines
• Cadmium-11415 levels, 21 lines
• Caesium-13331 levels, 79 lines
• Barium-13744 levels, 89 lines
• Barium-13844 levels, 89 lines
• Dysprosium-16139 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16239 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16339 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16439 levels, 55 lines
• Erbium-16673 levels, 90 lines
• Erbium-16773 levels, 90 lines
• Erbium-16873 levels, 90 lines
• Thulium-16972 levels, 73 lines
• Ytterbium-17118 levels, 26 lines
• Ytterbium-17318 levels, 26 lines
• Ytterbium-17418 levels, 26 lines
• Mercury-19927 levels, 47 lines
• Mercury-20127 levels, 47 lines
• Mercury-20227 levels, 47 lines

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