Einsteinium energy level diagram

Energy levels and transitions of neutral einsteinium (Es I): 13 levels and 12 classified lines below 2 µm taken from the cited literature, each line with its vacuum wavelength and frequency. The NIST Atomic Spectra Database lists only the ground level and the ionisation limit of einsteinium, so the level energies on this page are those of the literature sources named below.

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Download: diagram (PDF) diagram (SVG) transitions (CSV) levels (CSV) source code

Key transitions of einsteinium

λ, ν from the level energies of the cited literature (NIST lists no excited levels) unless a measured frequency for this isotope is available. A: measured value or NIST. Γ/2π: natural linewidth of the upper level, 1/(2πτ).

²⁵³Es hyperfine structure (I = 7/2)

Measured A, B constants; sources in the data file.

Isotope shifts

Shift = ν(first isotope) − ν(second isotope).

Closed and nearly closed transitions of einsteinium

A transition is closed when its upper level can decay only to the level it was excited from, so the atom keeps scattering photons. “closed”: among the levels NIST lists, no other level below the upper level has the opposite parity and |ΔJ| ≤ 1, so no other electric-dipole decay exists. Otherwise the leak is the sum of the branching ratios of the other decay lines of the upper level (or 1 − branching ratio where that of the line itself has been measured), and the number of photons is 1 / leak. “≥” and “≤”: at least one possible decay path has no listed rate, so the leak is a lower limit. These numbers are derived from the branching ratios, lifetimes and rates of this page, not measured as such; the tag names the weakest of the inputs, * marks theory and ≈ a model or semi-empirical calculation. Listed: lines that start on the ground level or on a metastable level and leak at most 10 %, unless more than three possible decay paths have no listed rate. Fine-structure levels only: hyperfine and Zeeman dark states and forbidden decays without a listed rate are not considered. Select a line in the diagram for the full list of its leak channels.

Listed Es transitions below 2 µm

Reduced dipole matrix elements follow the convention A = ω³|d|²/(3πε₀ħc³(2J′+1)), with J′ the upper level. Tags show where a number comes from: measured, NIST compilation, high-accuracy theory, or a model calculation.

Es energy levels

Es⁺ ionisation limit 51364.58 cm⁻¹ = 6.36840 eV (194.687 nm)

Sources

• Blaise & Wyart, 'Selected Constants: Energy Levels and Atomic Spectra of Actinides' (Tabl…
• Blaise & Wyart, 'Selected Constants: Energy Levels and Atomic Spectra of Actinides' (Tabl…
• Goodman, Diamond & Stanton, Phys. Rev. A 11, 499 (1975) (atomic-beam magnetic resonance),…
• Nothhelfer, Albrecht-Schoenzart, Block, Chhetri, Duellmann, et al., 'Nuclear structure in…
• Weber, Albrecht-Schoenzart, Block, Chhetri, Duellmann, et al., 'Atomic-structure investig…
• Weber, Albrecht-Schoenzart, Block, Chhetri, Duellmann, et al., 'Atomic-structure investig…
• Weber, Albrecht-Schoenzart, Block, Chhetri, Duellmann, et al., 'Atomic-structure investig…
• optical emission spectroscopy (ref. [11] of the paper), as quoted in Nothhelfer, Albrecht…

Two data sets are merged: (1) 253Es emission-spectrum levels and the strongest classified lines from the archived Laboratoire Aime Cotton database (compilation, no uncertainties printed); (2) 254Es laser resonance ionization (Mainz, 2022): ten first excited states with lifetimes, hyperfine constants and the ionization potential. Lifetimes printed as 30 ns are upper limits (bound). Hyperfine constants taken from the LAC table are converted from 10^-3 cm^-1 to MHz (derived). Isotope shifts are nu(first) - nu(second). relative_intensity is the emission intensity printed in the LAC wavelength table (100 ... 10 000); for the laser lines it was attached by wavelength coincidence (derived matching, see each note).

Atoms with measured data

• Lithium-632 levels, 85 lines
• Lithium-732 levels, 85 lines
• Beryllium-917 levels, 26 lines
• Sodium-2336 levels, 106 lines
• Magnesium-2418 levels, 61 lines
• Magnesium-2518 levels, 61 lines
• Potassium-3934 levels, 84 lines
• Potassium-4034 levels, 84 lines
• Potassium-4134 levels, 84 lines
• Calcium-4035 levels, 61 lines
• Calcium-4335 levels, 61 lines
• Chromium-5256 levels, 87 lines
• Chromium-5356 levels, 87 lines
• Rubidium-8536 levels, 94 lines
• Rubidium-8736 levels, 94 lines
• Strontium-8440 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8640 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8740 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8840 levels, 70 lines
• Cadmium-11115 levels, 21 lines
• Cadmium-11315 levels, 21 lines
• Cadmium-11415 levels, 21 lines
• Caesium-13331 levels, 79 lines
• Barium-13744 levels, 89 lines
• Barium-13844 levels, 89 lines
• Dysprosium-16139 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16239 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16339 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16439 levels, 55 lines
• Erbium-16673 levels, 90 lines
• Erbium-16773 levels, 90 lines
• Erbium-16873 levels, 90 lines
• Thulium-16972 levels, 73 lines
• Ytterbium-17118 levels, 26 lines
• Ytterbium-17318 levels, 26 lines
• Ytterbium-17418 levels, 26 lines
• Mercury-19927 levels, 47 lines
• Mercury-20127 levels, 47 lines
• Mercury-20227 levels, 47 lines

All elements: periodic table