Bromine energy level diagram

Energy levels and transitions of neutral bromine (Br I): the 47 strongest classified lines below 2 µm from the NIST Atomic Spectra Database and the 33 levels they connect, each line with its vacuum wavelength, frequency and, for 45 of them, the reduced dipole matrix element derived from the NIST transition rate. Measured lifetimes, transition rates, hyperfine constants and isotope shifts from the literature are included, each with its citation.

Hover a line or a level to isolate it, click to keep it selected. Scroll to zoom, drag to move.

Download: diagram (PDF) diagram (SVG) transitions (CSV) levels (CSV) source code

Key transitions of bromine

λ, ν from NIST level energies unless a measured frequency for this isotope is available. A: measured value or NIST. Γ/2π: natural linewidth of the upper level, 1/(2πτ).

⁷⁹Br hyperfine structure (I = 3/2)

Measured A, B constants; sources in the data file.

Closed and nearly closed transitions of bromine

A transition is closed when its upper level can decay only to the level it was excited from, so the atom keeps scattering photons. “closed”: among the levels NIST lists, no other level below the upper level has the opposite parity and |ΔJ| ≤ 1, so no other electric-dipole decay exists. Otherwise the leak is the sum of the branching ratios of the other decay lines of the upper level (or 1 − branching ratio where that of the line itself has been measured), and the number of photons is 1 / leak. “≥” and “≤”: at least one possible decay path has no listed rate, so the leak is a lower limit. These numbers are derived from the branching ratios, lifetimes and rates of this page, not measured as such; the tag names the weakest of the inputs, * marks theory and ≈ a model or semi-empirical calculation. Listed: lines that start on the ground level or on a metastable level and leak at most 10 %, unless more than three possible decay paths have no listed rate. Fine-structure levels only: hyperfine and Zeeman dark states and forbidden decays without a listed rate are not considered. Select a line in the diagram for the full list of its leak channels.

Listed Br transitions below 2 µm

Reduced dipole matrix elements follow the convention A = ω³|d|²/(3πε₀ħc³(2J′+1)), with J′ the upper level. Tags show where a number comes from: measured, NIST compilation, high-accuracy theory, this site's own Cowan-code calculation with the parameters fitted to the NIST energies (HFR fit; inputs and fit report in the repository folder cowan/; used only where nothing else gives a rate; strong lines typically within a factor 2, weak lines worse), or a model calculation.

Br energy levels

Br⁺ ionisation limit 95284.80 cm⁻¹ = 11.81381 eV (104.949 nm)

Sources

• Davies, Thrush, Stone, Wayne, Chem. Phys. Lett. 17, 19 (1972) (EPR) and Bessis, Picart, D…
• He, Seth, Tokue, Macdonald, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 7821 (1999) (colour-centre-laser absorpti…
• NIST ASD
• NIST ASD level energies
• Sirse, Foucher, Chabert, Booth, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23, 062003 (2014), abstract
• Tellinghuisen & Clyne, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 72, 783 (1976) (line-absorption osc…
• atomic-beam magnetic resonance: Brown & King, Phys. Rev. 142, 53 (1966); King & Jaccarino…

Literature search was limited: the session's web-search quota was exhausted, so sources were located through Crossref, HAL, OSTI, arXiv and NASA ADS queries and only open copies could be read. Ground-term hyperfine constants are second-hand from Chichinin's JPCRD review (method 'compilation'); the King & Jaccarino 1954 numbers were read on the APS abstract page. B < 0 for both isotopes as printed. The M1 A value is the calculated one adopted by NIST. Two-photon entries: wavelength_vac_nm is the laser wavelength. Second pass (2026-10-01): the measured lifetime of the TALIF upper level was found in the abstract reproduced by OSTI/INIS (ETDEWEB record 22362940). Third pass (2026-10-02): added the five 4p5 2P - 5s vacuum-ultraviolet resonance lines with measured A values. NIST's transition-probability reference T3064 for these lines was checked to be Tellinghuisen & Clyne 1976, the hyperfine-corrected re-analysis of the Clyne & Townsend 1974 absorption measurements; the uncorrected 1974 oscillator strengths (read in the abstract on the archived RSC page) are kept as alternatives, converted to A (derived). Morton 2000 (saved as pdf/Br_Morton_2000.pdf) states that the 1976 paper corrected the 1974 one.

Atoms with measured data

• Lithium-632 levels, 85 lines
• Lithium-732 levels, 85 lines
• Beryllium-917 levels, 26 lines
• Sodium-2336 levels, 106 lines
• Magnesium-2418 levels, 61 lines
• Magnesium-2518 levels, 61 lines
• Potassium-3934 levels, 84 lines
• Potassium-4034 levels, 84 lines
• Potassium-4134 levels, 84 lines
• Calcium-4035 levels, 61 lines
• Calcium-4335 levels, 61 lines
• Chromium-5256 levels, 87 lines
• Chromium-5356 levels, 87 lines
• Rubidium-8536 levels, 94 lines
• Rubidium-8736 levels, 94 lines
• Strontium-8440 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8640 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8740 levels, 70 lines
• Strontium-8840 levels, 70 lines
• Cadmium-11115 levels, 21 lines
• Cadmium-11315 levels, 21 lines
• Cadmium-11415 levels, 21 lines
• Caesium-13331 levels, 79 lines
• Barium-13744 levels, 89 lines
• Barium-13844 levels, 89 lines
• Dysprosium-16139 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16239 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16339 levels, 55 lines
• Dysprosium-16439 levels, 55 lines
• Erbium-16673 levels, 90 lines
• Erbium-16773 levels, 90 lines
• Erbium-16873 levels, 90 lines
• Thulium-16972 levels, 73 lines
• Ytterbium-17118 levels, 26 lines
• Ytterbium-17318 levels, 26 lines
• Ytterbium-17418 levels, 26 lines
• Mercury-19927 levels, 47 lines
• Mercury-20127 levels, 47 lines
• Mercury-20227 levels, 47 lines

All elements: periodic table